Table 1 Characteristics stratified by tertiles of conventional lipids

High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)

< 1.18

1.18 ≥ to < 1.72

≥ 1.72

n

568

566

563

Age (years)

49.46 ± 10.43

50.56 ± 10.64

50.34 ± 9.83

Locality (Urban; %)

276 (48.59)

269 (47.53)

289 (51.33)

Sex (Men; %)

202 (35.56)^a

193 (34.10)^b

250 (44.40)^{a, b}

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.25 (16.87; 39.41)^{a, c}

24.30 (16.68; 38.91)^{b, c}

21.66 (15.70; 34.70)^{a, b}

Physical activity index

7.31 ± 1.94

7.25 ± 1.77

7.27 ± 1.93

Tobacco use (use; %)

295 (51.94)^a

295 (52.12)^b

359 (63.77)^{a, b}

Fat intake (kJ)

38.31 (12.82; 106.62)

39.70 (12.71; 115.71)

41.43 (12.37; 112.96)

γ-Glutamyl transferase (U/L)

45.07 (17.51; 239.87)^a

49.96 (18.88; 339.28)^b

80.04 (21.79; 469.25)^{a, b}

Glycated haemoglobin (%)

5.71 (4.90; 6.85)^a

5.64 (4.80; 6.60)^b

5.44 (4.80; 6.10)^{a, b}

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

4.12 (3.64; 4.66)^{a, c}

3.07 (2.71; 3.47)^c

2.58 (2.28; 2.91)^a

Diuretic medication (use; %)

22 (3.87)

25 (4.42)

11 (1.95)

Human immunodeficiency virus status (positive; %)

155 (27.29)^{a, c}

67 (11.84)^c

59 (10.48)^a

Hypertension status (hypertensive; %)

237 (41.73)^a

262 (46.29)

302 (53.64)^a

Type II diabetes mellitus status (diabetic; %)

47 (8.27)^a

35 (6.19)^b

10 (1.78)^{a, b}

Adiposity status (Overweight and obese; %)

272 (48.06)^a

244 (43.26)^b

134 (23.80)^{a, b}

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)

< 2.31

≥ 2.31 to < 3.30

≥ 3.30

n

566

565

566

Age (years)

48.73 ± 9.27^a

49.87 ± 10.42^b

51.76 ± 10.97^{a, b}

Locality (Urban; %)

276 (48.76)

276 (48.85)

282 (49.82)

Sex (Men; %)

282 (49.82)^{a, c}

201 (35.58)^{b, c}

162 (28.62)^{a, b}

Body mass index (kg/m²)

21.87 (15.76; 36.22)^{a, c}

23.60 (16.24; 38.95)^{b, c}

25.76 (17.81; 39.89)^{a, b}

Physical activity index

7.28 ± 1.86

7.32 ± 2.01

7.24 ± 1.76

Tobacco use (use; %)

358 (63.25)^{a, c}

306 (54.16)^c

285 (50.35)^a

Fat intake (kJ)

38.35 (11.41; 114.63)

40.11 (15.28; 105.99)

40.94 (13.01; 113.67)

γ-Glutamyl transferase (U/L)

60.56 (18.32; 407.55)

54.59 (19.00; 379.59)

54.40 (19.32; 303.85)

Glycated haemoglobin (%)

5.46 (4.70; 6.30)^{a, c}

5.62 (4.90; 6.67)^c

5.70 (4.90; 6.76)^a

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

3.08 (2.70; 3.51)

2.84 (2.51; 3.22)^b

3.73 (3.33; 4.18) ^b

Diuretic medication (use; %)

12 (2.12)^a

18 (3.19)

28 (4.95)^a

Human immunodeficiency virus status (positive; %)

114 (20.14)^a

110 (19.47)^b

57 (10.07)^{a, b}

Hypertension status (hypertensive; %)

251 (44.35)

264 (46.73)

286 (50.53)

Type II diabetes mellitus status (diabetic; %)

19 (3.36)^a

34 (6.03)

39 (6.89)^a

Adiposity status (Overweight and obese; %)

146 (25.80)^{a, c}

212 (37.59)^{b, c}

292 (51.77)^{a, b}

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

< 4.32

≥4.32 to < 5.48

≥ 5.48

n

566

564

567

Age (years)

48.10 ± 9.57^{a, c}

50.43 ± 10.34^c

51.83 ± 10.67^a

Locality (Urban; %)

268 (47.35)

274 (48.58)

292 (51.50)

Sex (Men; %)

259 (45.76)^{a, c}

208 (36.88)^c

178 (31.39)^a

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.54 (16.01; 37.40)^{a, c}

23.62 (16.23; 37.46)^{b, c}

24.97 (17.24; 39.27)^{a, b}

Physical activity index

7.32 ± 1.92

7.29 ± 1.92

7.22 ± 1.81

Tobacco use (use; %)

344 (60.78)^a

313 (55.50)

292 (51.50)^a

Fat intake (kJ)

38.33 (11.87; 113.10)

39.48 (12.76; 109.31)

41.61 (13.17; 112.47)

γ-Glutamyl transferase (U/L)

49.19 (17.46; 325.43) ^{a, c}

57.02 (19.24; 373.89)^c

64.11 (21.02; 379.11)^a

Glycated haemoglobin (%)

5.49 (4.80; 6.30)^{a, c}

5.61 (4.80; 6.50)^c

5.68 (4.90; 6.86)^a

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

3.16 (2.76; 3.61)

2.96 (2.62; 3.34)

3.49 (3.12; 3.92)

Diuretic medication (use; %)

9 (1.59)^{a, c}

24 (4.26)^c

25 (4.41)^a

Human immunodeficiency virus status (positive; %)

145 (25.62)^{a, c}

86 (15.25)^{b, c}

50 (8.82)^{a, b}

Hypertension status (hypertensive; %)

226 (39.93)^{a, c}

270 (47.87)^c

305 (53.79)^a

Type II diabetes mellitus status (diabetic; %)

21 (3.71)

33 (5.86)

38 (6.70)

Adiposity status (Overweight and obese; %)

173 (30.62)^{a, c}

212 (38.26)^{b, c}

262 (46.29)^{a, b}

Triglyceride (mmol/L)

< 0.89

≥ 0.89 to < 1.38

≥ 1.38

n

571

574

552

Age (years)

48.15 ± 9.89^{a, c}

50.21 ± 10.32^{b, c}

52.06 ± 10.38^{a, b}

Locality (Urban; %)

269 (47.11)^a

253 (44.08)^b

312 (56.52)^{a, b}

Sex (Men; %)

264 (46.23)^{a, c}

210 (36.59)^c

171 (30.98)^a

Body mass index (kg/m²)

22.05 (16.17; 34.54)^{a, c}

23.25 (15.82; 37.34)^{b, c}

26.01 (17.83; 41.10)^{a, b}

Physical activity index

7.38 ± 1.79

7.25 ± 1.88

7.20 ± 1.97

Tobacco use (use; %)

344 (60.24)^a

322 (56.10)

283 (51.27)^a

Fat intake (kJ)

38.73 (12.69; 109.64)

38.76 (11.99; 108.52)

42.05 (13.22; 115.28)

γ-Glutamyl transferase (U/L)

51.30 (17.42; 380.31)^a

53.72 (19.00; 339.03)^b

65.63 (20.72; 380.04)^{a, b}

Glycated haemoglobin (%)

5.46 (4.80; 6.10)^{a, c}

5.54 (4.77; 6.40)^{b, c}

5.80 (4.90; 7.70)^{a, b}

C-reactive protein (mg/L)

2.56 (2.25; 2.90)^{a, c}

3.32 (2.93; 3.76)^c

3.88 (3.45; 4.36)^a

Diuretic medication (use; %)

8 (1.40)^a

18 (3.14)

32 (5.80)^a

Human immunodeficiency virus status (positive; %)

93 (16.29)

107 (18.64)

81 (14.67)

Hypertension status (hypertensive; %)

235 (41.16)^a

251 (43.73)^b

315 (57.07)^{a, b}

Type II diabetes mellitus status (diabetic; %)

11 (1.93)^a

23 (4.01)^b

58 (10.50)^{a, b}

Adiposity status (Overweight and obese; %)

154 (27.07)^{a, c}

206 (35.89)^{b, c}

290 (52.73)^{a, b}