Table 1 Characteristics of the participants
Characters | Adolescents (n=1171) | P value | Young adults (n=1464) | P value | The middle-aged (n=1554) | P value | The elderly (n=1661) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-MetS (n=1082) | MetS (n=89) | Non-MetS (n=1133) | MetS (n=331) | Non-MetS (n=865) | MetS (n=689) | Non-MetS (n=713) | MetS (n=948) | |||||
Age, years | 15.0 (13.0-17.0) | 15.0 (13.0-17.0) | 0.844 | 29.0 (24.0-34.0) | 32.0 (27.0-35.0) | <0.001 | 48.0 (44.0-54.0) | 50.0 (45.0-55.0) | 0.001 | 69.0 (64.0-76.0) | 69.0 (64.0-74.0) | 0.505 |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.444 | Â | Â | 0.028 | Â | Â | 0.950 | Â | Â | 0.487 |
   Male | 579 (50.6%) | 53 (56.7%) |  | 588 (51.7%) | 187 (60.7%) |  | 438 (51.3%) | 335 (51.5%) |  | 393 (48.7%) | 444 (46.2%) |  |
   Female | 503 (49.4%) | 36 (43.3%) |  | 545 (48.3%) | 144 (39.3%) |  | 427 (48.7%) | 354 (48.5%) |  | 320 (51.3%) | 504 (53.8%) |  |
Race, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.790 | Â | Â | 0.032 | Â | Â | 0.650 | Â | Â | 0.683 |
   Non-Hispanic White | 293 (57.4%) | 28 (58.3%) |  | 468 (62.8%) | 149 (61.6%) |  | 381 (73.3%) | 312 (71.8%) |  | 390 (81.6%) | 509 (80.1%) |  |
   Non-Hispanic Black | 329 (15.6%) | 17 (13.8%) |  | 255 (12.1%) | 65 (11.7%) |  | 186 (10.0%) | 148 (10.8%) |  | 140 (7.4%) | 169 (7.8%) |  |
   Mexican American | 292 (14.4%) | 33 (17.8%) |  | 171 (9.9%) | 72 (15.5%) |  | 133 (6.2%) | 114 (7.6%) |  | 77 (3.0%) | 141 (3.9%) |  |
   Other | 168 (12.6%) | 11 (10.1%) |  | 239 (15.2%) | 45 (11.2%) |  | 165 (10.4%) | 115 (9.8%) |  | 106 (8.0%) | 129 (8.2%) |  |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.729 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | Â | 0.001 |
   Less than high school | 943 (86.9%) | 79 (88.8%) |  | 194 (13.3%) | 93 (21.4%) |  | 170 (12.0%) | 158 (14.4%) |  | 182 (13.9%) | 310 (22.0%) |  |
   High school graduate and some college | 139 (13.1%) | 10 (11.2%) |  | 655 (57.0%) | 198 (62.7%) |  | 424 (51.0%) | 400 (61.3%) |  | 365 (53.1%) | 480 (55.4%) |  |
   College graduate or above |  |  |  | 284 (29.7%) | 40 (15.9%) |  | 271 (37.0%) | 131 (24.4%) |  | 166 (33.1%) | 158 (22.7%) |  |
Poverty income ratio | 2.2 (1.1-4.1) | 2.0 (1.1-3.4) | 0.193 | 2.7 (1.4-4.3) | 2.1 (1.0-3.3) | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.0-5.0) | 3.1 (1.6-5.0) | <0.001 | 3.4 (1.9-5.0) | 3.0 (1.5-4.7) | <0.001 |
Smoker, n (%) | 305 (26.9%) | 26 (25.6%) | 0.820 | 399 (37.3%) | 143 (43.5%) | 0.085 | 407 (47.5%) | 355 (52.2%) | 0.158 | 361 (48.9%) | 506 (54.6%) | 0.120 |
Drinker, n (%) | 61 (6.1%) | 4 (3.5%) | 0.481 | 905 (83.6%) | 253 (80.2%) | 0.234 | 681 (85.5%) | 517 (78.9%) | 0.004 | 502 (75.8%) | 647 (71.0%) | 0.146 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3 (19.5-26.2) | 32.9 (29.8-38.8) | <0.001 | 25.3 (22.5-29.0) | 33.1 (29.2-38.8) | <0.001 | 26.3 (23.2-29.1) | 31.7 (28.0-37.0) | <0.001 | 25.2 (22.5-28.2) | 30.5 (27.5-34.0) | <0.001 |
Energy, kcal/d | 1940.3 (1392.7-2617.7) | 1977.3 (1294.6-3035.8) | 0.695 | 2190.6 (1610.0-3000.1) | 2368.1 (1603.9-3045.9) | 0.236 | 2120.2 (1605.7-2703.0) | 2161.9 (1570.2-2732.0) | 0.879 | 1882.4 (1388.0-2425.1) | 1780.0 (1350.5-2227.0) | 0.070 |
MetS components | ||||||||||||
Waist circumference, cm | 77.6 (71.0-89.0) | 109.1 (98.8-120.4) | <0.001 | 88.1 (80.7-98.0) | 108.6 (99.5-123.1) | <0.001 | 93.1 (84.3-100.8) | 107.5 (99.6-118.2) | <0.001 | 92.9 (85.0-101.5) | 107.5 (100.6-116.4) | <0.001 |
Systolic, mmHg | 108.0 (102.0-116.0) | 120.0 (110.1-122.7) | <0.001 | 112.0 (106.0-120.0) | 122.0 (114.0-132.0) | <0.001 | 116.0 (108.0-124.0) | 126.0 (116.0-136.0) | <0.001 | 126.0 (114.0-140.0) | 132.7 (122.0-144.0) | <0.001 |
Diastolic, mmHg | 60.0 (54.0-68.0) | 66.0 (56.0-74.0) | 0.009 | 66.0 (60.0-74.0) | 74.0 (68.0-84.0) | <0.001 | 72.0 (66.0-78.0) | 76.0 (70.0-84.0) | <0.001 | 68.0 (60.0-74.0) | 68.0 (60.0-76.0) | 0.673 |
Serum triglyceride, mg/dL | 69.0 (51.0-94.0) | 143.6 (122.0-177.0) | <0.001 | 79.0 (57.0-110.2) | 161.4 (105.8-226.0) | <0.001 | 92.0 (65.0-122.0) | 167.0 (115.0-228.1) | <0.001 | 89.0 (64.0-120.0) | 149.0 (105.6-192.0) | <0.001 |
Serum HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 52.0 (45.0-61.0) | 38.0 (33.7-40.0) | <0.001 | 54.0 (47.0-64.0) | 39.0 (35.0-45.0) | <0.001 | 56.0 (48.0-71.0) | 43.0 (38.0-50.0) | <0.001 | 64.0 (52.0-75.0) | 47.0 (40.2-57.0) | <0.001 |
Serum fasting glucose, mg/dL | 94.0 (89.0-98.0) | 100.9 (95.9-105.0) | <0.001 | 93.5 (88.0-99.0) | 102.0 (99.0-110.0) | <0.001 | 96.0 (91.0-103.0) | 106.4 (101.0-117.0) | <0.001 | 98.0 (93.0-106.0) | 113.0 (103.0-128.4) | <0.001 |
Other metabolic traits | ||||||||||||
Serum fasting insulin, μU/mL | 10.0 (7.1-15.1) | 25.7 (17.7-40.5) | <0.001 | 7.1 (4.7-11.4) | 16.5 (11.0-24.6) | <0.001 | 6.6 (4.6-10.0) | 14.0 (9.3-20.4) | <0.001 | 6.5 (4.6-10.6) | 12.5 (8.3-19.8) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 2.3 (1.6-3.6) | 6.2 (4.7-10.3) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.1-2.7) | 4.2 (2.8-6.7) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.1-2.5) | 3.8 (2.5-6.2) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.1-2.6) | 3.6 (2.3-5.9) | <0.001 |
Two-hour glucose (OGTT), mg/dL | 95.0 (84.0-110.0) | 113.0 (84.5-127.6) | 0.004 | 91.0 (78.0-110.4) | 110.0 (94.4-131.9) | <0.001 | 99.0 (82.0-118.0) | 128.0 (102.0-155.0) | <0.001 | 110.0 (92.0-138.0) | 146.0 (113.0-183.0) | <0.001 |
Glycohemoglobin, % | 5.2 (5.0-5.4) | 5.3 (5.1-5.6) | 0.055 | 5.2 (5.0-5.4) | 5.4 (5.1-5.6) | <0.001 | 5.4 (5.2-5.6) | 5.6 (5.4-6.0) | <0.001 | 5.5 (5.3-5.8) | 5.9 (5.5-6.4) | <0.001 |
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL | 153.7 (134.0-173.0) | 164.7 (138.9-182.0) | 0.026 | 174.0 (154.0-198.7) | 189.0 (167.0-212.0) | <0.001 | 202.0 (178.0-226.0) | 204.0 (178.0-236.3) | 0.168 | 198.0 (174.0-224.0) | 184.0 (158.0-217.0) | <0.001 |
Serum LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 85.0 (69.0-101.0) | 97.3 (74.4-114.5) | 0.008 | 100.0 (83.0-122.1) | 114.0 (95.0-136.3) | <0.001 | 122.0 (100.0-144.0) | 124.0 (100.0-149.0) | 0.375 | 112.2 (88.0-137.0) | 104.0 (80.0-131.0) | 0.004 |
Non-HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 100.0 (81.0-118.0) | 127.7 (105.0-145.0) | <0.001 | 117.0 (96.0-143.0) | 151.6 (126.3-178.0) | <0.001 | 140.0 (119.0-169.0) | 159.0 (133.0-192.3) | <0.001 | 133.0 (107.0-156.3) | 132.0 (109.0-166.0) | 0.239 |