Table 1 Baseline study population characteristics (weighted)

Sex (%)

 < 0.001

 Male

4433 (47.00%)

1027 (32.67%)

1467 (46.66%)

1939 (61.69%)

 Female

4998 (53.00%)

2117 (67.33%)

1677 (53.34%)

1204 (38.31%)

Age (year)

43 [31, 56]

40 [28, 56]

44 [31, 57]

44 [34,55.25]

 < 0.001

Race (%)

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

1663 (17.63%)

426 (13.55%)

544 (17.30%)

693 (22.05%)

 Other Hispanic

1083 (11.48%)

298 (9.48%)

385 (12.25%)

400 (12.73%)

 Non-Hispanic White

3934 (41.71%)

1315 (41.83%)

1270 (40.39%)

1349 (42.92%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1907 (20.22%)

782 (24.87%)

660 (20.99%)

465 (14.79%)

 Other Race

844 (8.95%)

323 (10.27%)

285 (9.06%)

236 (7.51%)

Poverty-to-income ratio (%)

 < 0.001

  < 1

1959 (20.77%)

664 (21.12%)

607 (19.31%)

688 (21.89%)

  >  = 1, <  = 3

3809 (40.39%)

1166 (37.09%)

1278 (40.65%)

1365 (43.43%)

  > 3

3663 (38.84%)

1314 (41.79%)

1259 (40.04%)

1090 (34.68%)

Marital status (%)

 < 0.001

 Married/Living with Partner

5693 (60.36%)

1726 (54.90%)

1896 (60.31%)

2071 (65.89%)

 Without Partner

3738 (39.64%)

1418 (45.10%)

1248 (39.69%)

1072 (34.11%)

Educational attainment (%)

 < 0.001

 Less than high school

2229 (23.63%)

593 (18.86%)

738 (23.47%)

898 (28.57%)

 High School Grad/GED or equivalent

2054 (21.78%)

600 (19.08%)

699 (22.23%)

755 (24.02%)

 Above high school

5148 (54.59%)

1951 (62.05%)

1707 (54.29%)

1490 (47.41%)

Body mass index (%)

 < 0.001

  <  = 24.9 kg/m²

2600 (27.57%)

1460 (46.44%)

735 (23.38%)

405 (12.89%)

  > 24.9, <  = 29.9 kg/m²

3169 (33.60%)

921 (29.29%)

1126 (35.81%)

1122 (35.70%)

  > 29.9 kg/m²

3662 (38.83%)

763 (24.27%)

1283 (40.81%)

1616 (51.42%)

Waist circumference (%)

 < 0.001

 Male < 102 cm, female < 88 cm

4238 (44.94%)

1868 (59.41%)

1298 (41.28%)

1072 (34.11%)

 Male >  = 102 cm, female >  = 88 cm

5193 (55.06%)

1276 (40.59%)

1846 (58.72%)

2071 (65.89%)

HBA1c (%)

 < 0.001

  < 5.7%

6264 (66.42%)

2366 (75.25%)

2086 (66.35%)

1812 (57.65%)

  >  = 5.7%

3167 (33.58%)

778 (24.75%)

1058 (33.65%)

1331 (42.35%)

ALT (U/L)

26.551 ± 22.501

22.459 ± 22.401

25.583 ± 16.911

31.613 ± 26.233

 < 0.001

AST (U/L)

26.312 ± 19.589

25.433 ± 22.959

25.424 ± 12.321

28.078 ± 21.630

 < 0.001

Bilirubin (total), umol/L

12.754 ± 5.103

12.926 ± 5.238

12.639 ± 4.883

12.699 ± 5.178

0.582

White blood cell (1000 cells/uL)

7.115 ± 2.316

6.631 ± 1.960

7.077 ± 2.090

7.638 ± 2.715

 < 0.001

Lymphocyte (1000 cells/uL)

2.164 ± 0.778

2.016 ± 0.672

2.159 ± 0.819

2.318 ± 0.804

 < 0.001

Smoking status (%)

 < 0.001

 Yes

3898 (41.33%)

1134 (36.07%)

1272 (40.46%)

1492 (47.47%)

 No

5533 (58.67%)

2010 (63.93%)

1872 (59.54%)

1651 (52.53%)

Alcohol habit (%)

0.104

  >  = 12 drinks/year

7077 (75.04%)

2329 (74.08%)

2310 (73.47%)

2438 (77.57%)

  < 12 drinks/year

2354 (24.96%)

815 (25.92%)

834 (26.53%)

705 (22.43%)

Hypertension (%)

 < 0.001

 Yes

3134 (33.23%)

877 (27.89%)

1075 (34.19%)

1182 (37.61%)

 No

6297 (66.77%)

2267 (72.11%)

2069 (65.81%)

1961 (62.39%)

Diabetes (%)

0.015

 Yes

899 (9.53%)

263 (8.37%)

317 (10.08%)

319 (10.15%)

 No

8532 (90.47%)

2881 (91.63%)

2827 (89.92%)

2824 (89.85%)

Heart failure (%)

0.225

 Yes

123 (1.30%)

36 (1.15%)

50 (1.59%)

37 (1.18%)

 No

9308 (98.70%)

3108 (98.85%)

3094 (98.41%)

3106 (98.82%)

Coronary heart disease (%)

0.170

 Yes

160 (1.70%)

49 (1.56%)

50 (1.59%)

61 (1.94%)

 No

9271 (98.30%)

3095 (98.44%)

3094 (98.41%)

3082 (98.06%)

Arthritis (%)

0.004

 Yes

1899 (20.14%)

583 (18.54%)

662 (21.06%)

654 (20.81%)

 No

7532 (79.86%)

2561 (81.46%)

2482 (78.94%)

2489 (79.19%)

Cancer (%)

0.560

 Yes

541 (5.74%)

194 (6.17%)

172 (5.47%)

175 (5.57%)

 No

8890 (94.26%)

2950 (93.83%)

2972 (94.53%)

2968 (94.43%)

Chronic respiratory diseases (%)

0.307

 Yes

1225 (12.99%)

435 (13.84%)

392 (12.47%)

398 (12.66%)

 No

8206 (87.01%)

2709 (86.16%)

2752 (87.53%)

2745 (87.34%)

Recent infection episodes (%)

0.547

 Yes

362 (3.84%)

114 (3.63%)

115 (3.66%)

133 (4.23%)

 No

9069 (96.16%)

3030 (96.37%)

3029 (96.34%)

3010 (95.77%)

FEV₁/FVC (%)

80.50 ± 5.40

81.20 ± 5.80

80.20 ± 5.30

80.00 ± 4.90

 < 0.001

FEV₁ (%)

98.00 ± 13.30

99.90 ± 13.50

97.80 ± 13.20

96.30 ± 13.00

 < 0.001

FVC (ml)

3949.39 ± 1054.35

3842.47 ± 1022.77

3928.47 ± 1067.32

4077.28 ± 1059.34

 < 0.001

FEV₁ (ml)

3175.34 ± 859.67

3118.82 ± 853.88

3148.56 ± 866.42

3258.66 ± 852.59

 < 0.001

PRISm (%)

 < 0.001

 Yes

813 (8.62%)

221 (7.03%)

273 (8.68%)

319 (10.15%)

 No

8618 (91.38%)

2923 (92.97%)

2871 (91.32%)

2824 (89.85%)