Table 1 Study population baseline characteristics (NHANES 2003–2018, n = 13,178)

Weighted number

17,607,867

13,713,927

10,213,257

8,725,218

Age (years)

69.93 ± 0.17

71.21 ± 0.18

68.38 ± 0.18

69.24 ± 0.21

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.001

 Female

1666 (45.7)

2213 (64.6)

1086 (46.3)

1669 (68.2)

 Male

2524 (54.3)

1815 (35.4)

1314 (53.7)

891 (31.8)

Ethnicity, n (%)

< 0.001

 Non-Hispanic White

2447 (82.8)

1931 (75.5)

1298 (83.2)

1092 (73.2)

 Non-Hispanic Black

623 (5.4)

827 (9.5)

517 (7.9)

704 (13.8)

 Mexican American/Hispanic

290 (2.5)

373 (4.1)

182 (2.7)

258 (4.0)

 Other

830 (9.3)

897 (10.9)

403 (6.2)

506 (9.0)

Education, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Less than high school

966 (13.7)

1585 (26.7)

587 (14.7)

1013 (25.0)

 High school and above

3224 (86.3)

2443 (73.3)

1813 (85.3)

1547 (75.0)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Married/with a partner

2668 (69.7)

2163 (57.2)

1462 (65.6)

1336 (58.3)

 Widowed/divorced/separated

1339 (27.2)

1667 (39.1)

826 (30.8)

1069 (37.0)

 Single

183 (3.1)

198 (3.7)

112 (3.6)

155 (4.7)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

 Never

1993 (48.7)

1925 (49.7)

1091 (44.7)

1340 (51.0)

 Ever

1691 (41.0)

1401 (34.4)

1118 (48.2)

952 (38.5)

 Now

506 (10.3)

702 (15.9)

191 (7.1)

268 (10.5)

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.001

 Inactive

2439 (53.0)

2766 (64.5)

1507 (59.5)

1791 (67.8)

 Active

1751 (47.0)

1262 (35.5)

893 (40.5)

769 (32.2)

Hypertension, n (%)

< 0.001

 Absence

2019 (51.8)

1724 (45.2)

720 (32.3)

726 (28.3)

 Presence

2171 (48.2)

2304 (54.8)

1680 (67.7)

1834 (71.7)