Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants based on depression status
Characteristic | Overall | PHQ-9 < 10 | PHQ-9 ≥ 10 | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 39,704) | (N = 36,055) | (N = 3,649) | ||
Age, years | 50.09 (17.64) | 50.21 (17.76) | 48.90 (16.41) | < 0.001 |
Age group | < 0.001 | |||
20–44 | 16,169 (40.7%) | 14,683 (40.7%) | 1,486 (40.7%) | |
45–65 | 14,427 (36.3%) | 12,883 (35.7%) | 1,544 (42.3%) | |
> 65 | 9,108 (22.9%) | 8,489 (23.5%) | 619 (17.0%) | |
Gender | < 0.001 | |||
Female | 20,397 (51.0%) | 18,077 (50.1%) | 2,320 (63.6%) | |
Male | 19,307 (48.6%) | 17,978 (49.9%) | 1,329 (36.4%) | |
Race | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 5,684 (14.3%) | 5,188 (14.4%) | 496 (13.6%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 7,967 (20.1%) | 7,210 (20.0%) | 757 (20.7%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 17,951 (45.2%) | 16,335 (45.3%) | 1,616 (44.3%) | |
Other Hispanic | 3,891 (9.8%) | 3,420 (9.5%) | 471 (12.9%) | |
Other Race | 4,211 (10.6%) | 3,902 (10.8%) | 309 (8.5%) | |
Education levelb | < 0.001 | |||
High school or below | 17,689 (44.6%) | 15,658 (43.5%) | 2,031 (55.7%) | |
University or above | 21,993 (55.4%) | 20,377 (56.5%) | 1,616 (44.3%) | |
Marriage statusb | < 0.001 | |||
Never married | 4,922 (12.4%) | 4,431 (12.3%) | 491 (13.5%) | |
Married/Living with partner | 23,578 (59.4%) | 21,377 (60.9%) | 1,627 (44.6%) | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 11,183 (28.2%) | 9,655 (26.8%) | 1,528 (41.9%) | |
PIRb | < 0.001 | |||
< 1 | 7,052 (19.5%) | 5,883 (17.9%) | 1,169 (35.5%) | |
≥ 1 | 29,069 (80.5%) | 26,942 (82.1%) | 2,127 (64.5%) | |
Daily activitiesb | < 0.001 | |||
Moderate | 25,544 (64.3%) | 22,943 (63.8%) | 2,601 (71.7%) | |
Vigorous | 14,015 (35.4%) | 12,990 (36.2%) | 1,025 (28.3%) | |
Smoking statusb | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 22,239 (56.0%) | 20,669 (57.4%) | 1,570 (43.0%) | |
Smoking at present | 7,626 (19.2%) | 6,385 (17.7%) | 1,241 (34.0%) | |
Smoking cessation | 9,813 (24.7%) | 8,977 (24.9%) | 836 (22.9%) | |
Drinking statusb | 0.314 | |||
No | 8,903 (22.4%) | 8,110 (22.5%) | 793 (21.8%) | |
Yes | 30,763 (77.6%) | 27,913 (77.5%) | 2,850 (78.2%) | |
Diabetesb | < 0.001 | |||
No | 32,274 (82.9%) | 29,588 (83.6%) | 2,686 (75.3%) | |
Yes | 6,665 (17.1%) | 5,786 (16.4%) | 879 (24.7%) | |
Hypertensionb | < 0.001 | |||
No | 21,502 (54.2%) | 19,778 (54.9%) | 1,724 (47.2%) | |
Yes | 18,199 (45.8%) | 16,274 (45.1%) | 1,925 (52.8%) | |
CVDb | < 0.001 | |||
No | 35,219 (89.1%) | 32,280 (89.9%) | 2,939 (81.3%) | |
Yes | 4,316 (10.9%) | 3,638 (10.1%) | 678 (18.7%) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.42 (7.05) | 29.25 (6.87) | 31.19 (8.38) | < 0.001 |
BMI group | < 0.001 | |||
< 25 | 10,951 (27.6%) | 10,097 (28.0%) | 854 (23.4%) | |
25–30 | 13,284 (33.5%) | 12,296 (34.1%) | 988 (27.1%) | |
> 30 | 15,469 (38.9%) | 13,662 (37.9%) | 1,807 (49.5%) | |
TC, mg/dl | 192.08 (42.12) | 191.94 (41.85) | 193.48 (44.68) | 0.035 |
HDL-C, mg/dl | 53.37 (16.08) | 53.53 (16.10) | 51.75 (15.82) | < 0.001 |
NHHR | 2.88 (1.41) | 2.86 (1.40) | 3.04 (1.56) | < 0.001 |
Q1 (0.28–1.89) | 9,933 (25.0%) | 9,140 (25.4%) | 793 (21.7%) | |
Q2 (1.90–2.61) | 10,003 (25.2%) | 9,160 (25.4%) | 843 (23.1%) | |
Q3 (2.62–3.55) | 9,853 (24.8%) | 8,878 (24.6%) | 975 (26.7%) | |
Q4 (3.56-27.00) | 9,915 (25.0%) | 8,877 (24.6%) | 1,038 (28.4%) | |
NHHR-BMIc | 86.82 (51.22) | 85.79 (50.18) | 97.00 (59.66) | < 0.001 |
Q1 (8.00-50.48) | 9,929 (25.0%) | 9,194 (25.5%) | 735 (20.1%) | |
Q2 (50.49–76.33) | 9,925 (25.0%) | 9,152 (25.4%) | 773 (21.2%) | |
Q3 (76.34-111.06) | 9,924 (25.0%) | 8,950 (24.8%) | 974 (26.7%) | |
Q4 (111.07-922.78) | 9,926 (25.0%) | 8,759 (24.3%) | 1,167 (32.0%) |