Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Number

12,947

11,585

1362

Age, year

50.8 ± 17.4

49.9 ± 17.4

57.9 ± 15.8

< 0.001^a

Male, n(%)

6323 (48.8%)

5927 (51.2%)

396 (29.1%)

< 0.001^c

Race, n(%)

< 0.001^c

Mexican American

1588 (12.3%)

1406 (12.1%)

182 (13.4%)

 Other Hispanic

1270 (9.8%)

1124 (9.7%)

146 (10.7%)

 Non-Hispanic White

4485 (34.6%)

3898 (33.6%)

587 (43.1%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

3298 (25.5%)

3032 (26.2%)

266 (19.5%)

 Other Race

2306 (17.8%)

2125 (18.3%)

181 (13.3%)

Moderate activities, n(%)

< 0.001^c

 Yes

5310 (41.0%)

4814 (41.6%)

496 (36.4%)

 No

7635 (59.0%)

6770 (58.4%)

865 (63.6)

Diabetes, n(%)

< 0.001^c

 Yes

1964 (15.2%)

1611 (13.9%)

353 (25.9%)

 No

10,983 (84.8%)

9674 (83.1%)

1009 (74.1%)

Hypertension, n(%)

< 0.001^c

 Yes

4923 (38.1%)

4192 (36.2%)

731 (53.8%)

 No

8005 (61.9%)

7376 (63.8%)

629 (46.2%)

Education level, n(%)

0.099^c

 Less than high school

2419 (18.7%)

2187 (18.9%)

232 (17.0%)

 High school or above

10,528 (81.3%)

9398 (81.1%)

1130 (83.0%)

Drinking, n(%)

0.931^c

 Current or ever

11,150 (86.1%)

9976 (86.1%)

1174 (86.2%)

 Never

1797 (13.9%)

1609 (13.9%)

188 (13.8%)

Smoking, n(%)

< 0.001^c

 Current or ever

5425 (41.9%)

4790 (41.4%)

635 (46.7%)

 Never

7519 (58.1%)

6794 (58.6%)

725 (53.3%)

Weight, Kg

83.2 ± 22.5

82.5 ± 22.2

89.2 ± 24.3

< 0.001^a

Body mass index, Kg/m²

29.9 ± 7.3

29.5 ± 7.0

33.2 ± 8.4

< 0.001^a

Waist circumference, cm

100.9 ± 17.1

100.0 ± 16.8

108.4 ± 17.2

< 0.001^a

FPG, mmol/L

6.31 ± 2.11

6.26 ± 2.08

6.72 ± 2.31

< 0.001^a

ALT, U/L

22.3 ± 17.8

22.4 ± 18.1

21.6 ± 14.4

0.137^a

AST, U/L

21.9 ± 13.7

22.0 ± 13.8

21.5 ± 12.4

0.188

GGT, U/L

32.3 ± 49.5

32.0 ± 47.6

34.6 ± 62.8

0.078^a

Albumin, g/dl

4.06 ± 0.34

4.07 ± 0.33

3.95 ± 0.36

< 0.001^a

Creatinine, umol/L

74.3 (62.8, 89.3)

75.1 (62.8, 89.3)

71.6 (60.1, 87.5)

< 0.001^b

Uric acid, umol/L

315.2 (261.7, 374.7)

315.2 (261.7, 374.7)

315.2 (267.7, 368.8)

0.175^b

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.76 (4.11, 5.48)

4.76 (4.11, 5.51)

4.68 (4.03, 5.43)

0.007^b

Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.30 (0.90, 1.90)

1.28 (0.89, 1.87)

1.46 (1.04, 1.98)

< 0.001^b

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

1.32 (1.09, 1.60)

1.32 (1.09, 1.60)

1.29 (1.09, 1.55)

0.060^b

LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L

2.74 (2.20, 3.39)

2.77 (2.20, 3.39)

2.66 (2.07, 3.39)

0.026^b

PIR

2.59 ± 1.62

2.60 ± 1.63

2.56 ± 1.55

0.513^a

Sugar intake, g/d

101.1 ± 63.7

100.9 ± 63.1

102.7 ± 68.3

0.375^a

Energy intake, kcal/d

2032.4 ± 843.1

2047.5 ± 847.3

1908.6 ± 798.1

< 0.001^a

Fat intake, g/d

82.6 ± 40.3

83.1 ± 40.5

78.8 ± 38.4

< 0.001^a

Water intake, g/d

1163.3 ± 1033.1

1166.0 ± 1030.6

1141.1 ± 1054.0

0.444^a

RFM

36.2 ± 8.8

35.6 ± 8.7

41.6 ± 8.0

< 0.001^a