Table 1 The characteristics of participants

Age (years), mean ± SD

41.7 ± 10.6

39.0 ± 9.4

45.8 ± 11.5

0.058

Male, n (%)

21 (77.8)

26 (92.9)

23 (82.1)

0.284

BMI (kg/m²), mean ± SD

26.2 ± 4.0

23.8 ± 3.3

23.8 ± 3.2

0.020

Smoking status, n (%)

8 (29.6)

12 (42.9)

9 (32.1)

0.548

Drinking status, n (%)

13 (48.1)

17 (60.7)

10 (35.7)

0.173

ART years, mean ± SD

-

8.0 ± 5.2

9.8 ± 6.2

0.248

CD4 ⁺ T cell counts (cells/µL), mean ± SD

-

689 ± 314

887 ± 464

0.106

Viral load (TND), n (%)

-

28 (100)

28 (100)

-

Activity of Daily Living Scale, mean ± SD

14.0 ± 0.0

14.0 ± 0.0

14.1 ± 0.8

0.378

MoCA score, mean ± SD

24.7 ± 2.7

26.1 ± 2.4

21.6 ± 4.2

< 0.0001

Attention/Working Memory, mean ± SD

-

0.0 ± 0.7

−0.9 ± 0.8

< 0.0001

Abstraction/Executive Function, mean ± SD

-

0.4 ± 0.6

0.7 ± 1.0

0.109

Memory, mean ± SD

-

−0.2 ± 0.6

−1.3 ± 0.9

< 0.0001

Speed of Information Processing, mean ± SD

-

0.1 ± 0.7

1.1 ± 0.9

< 0.0001

Sensory/Perceptual Skills, mean ± SD

-

0.1 ± 0.5

−0.5 ± 0.7

< 0.0001

Verbal/Language Skills, mean ± SD

-

0.0 ± 0.9

−0.6 ± 0.9

0.009

Motor Skills, mean ± SD

-

0.1 ± 0.7

0.9 ± 1.1

0.001