Fig. 3

Plasma SCFAs correlate with inflammatory cytokines and cognitive function. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between SCFAs and inflammatory cytokines in all PLWH (A) and specifically in the HAND group (B). Further analysis examined correlations between SCFAs, inflammatory markers, and cognitive domain scores in HIV controls and HAND groups (C). The intensity and size of the squares indicate the strength of the correlation, ranging from negative (blue) to positive (red). Significance levels were denoted by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001