Table 1 The role of lipid metabolism dysregulation in PC

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS)

KRAS controls the storage and use of lipid droplets through HSL regulation that shows downregulation in PC

Suppression of the KRAS/HSL axis impairs lipid metabolism and storage and suppresses invasion and metastasis

[52]

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)

BCAA uptake in the PC cells is mediated by solute carrier transporters

The downregulation of Branched-chain amino-acid transaminase 2 (BCAT2) impairs cancer progression

[53]

Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP1)

Upregulation of SREBP1 mediates poor survival and prognosis

SREB1 increases ACC, FASN, Stearoyl-CoA desaturase–1 (SCD1), and lipogenesis

Downregulation of SREBP1 induces apoptosis

[54]

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2 (HSDL2)

Overexpression of HSDL2 in PC mediating poor survival

HSDL2 downregulation impairs lipid metabolism and proliferation

[55]

Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Transcription Factor 1 (SREBF1)

Yarrow supercritical extract reduces SREBF1 expression to suppress lipid metabolism through the downregulation of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and FASN

[56]

KRAS^G12D

KRAS^G12D increases SLC25A1 expression to enhance lipid metabolism in cancer progression

[57]

G-protein (GNAS)

GNAS mutation increases protein kinase A (PKA) -induced salt-inducible kinases (Sik1) inhibition and promotes lipid metabolism

[58]

Adipocytes

Adipocytes enhance lipid droplets in promoting cancer invasion

[59]

phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) phospholipase

PLA2G2A enhances FASN and energy metabolism during K-ras mutation

[60]

FASN

FASN suppression accelerates apoptosis

[61]

FAs

The FAs stimulate stromal reprogramming to enhance inflammation and fibrosis for fuelling PC

[62]

Heptadecanoic acid

Heptadecanoic acid as an FA stimulates apoptosis and promotes gemcitabine sensitivity

[63]