Table 1 Characteristics of the study population from NHANES 2007–2018

Unweighted number

14,779

3690

3692

3700

3697

Weighted number

219,089,334

57,004,174

54,442,967

55,428,224

52,213,969

Age, years, Median (IQR)

47.00 (33.00, 60.00)

54.00 (40.00, 66.00)

47.00 (33.00, 60.00)

45.00 (32.00, 58.00)

42.00 (30.00, 55.00)

< 0.001

Sex, n (%)

< 0.001

Female

7541 (51.10)

2261 (63.88)

2009 (54.70)

1766 (46.08)

1505 (38.72)

Male

7238 (48.90)

1429 (36.12)

1683 (45.30)

1934 (53.92)

2192 (61.28)

Race, n (%)

< 0.001

Mexican American

2271 (8.68)

359 (4.76)

575 (8.66)

624 (9.34)

713 (12.30)

Other Hispanic

1625 (5.96)

329 (4.09)

401 (6.13)

438 (6.26)

457 (7.49)

Non-Hispanic White

6128 (66.24)

1742 (72.69)

1514 (66.40)

1471 (65.48)

1401 (59.81)

Non-Hispanic Black

2939 (11.09)

815 (11.28)

752 (11.22)

701 (10.81)

671 (11.04)

Other Race

1816 (8.03)

445 (7.18)

450 (7.58)

466 (8.11)

455 (9.36)

Educational level, n (%)

< 0.001

< High school

3739 (16.38)

730 (11.20)

888 (15.93)

980 (17.59)

1141 (21.24)

High school

3336 (22.93)

773 (20.45)

816 (22.02)

867 (24.26)

880 (25.18)

> High school

7704 (60.69)

2187 (68.36)

1988 (62.05)

1853 (58.16)

1676 (53.58)

PIR, n (%)

< 0.001

Low (≤ 1.3)

4859 (22.56)

982 (16.33)

1106 (21.35)

1266 (23.76)

1505 (29.36)

Medium (1.3–3.5)

5634 (36.50)

1400 (34.96)

1466 (37.22)

1398 (35.98)

1370 (37.98)

High (> 3.5)

4286 (40.94)

1308 (48.71)

1120 (41.43)

1036 (40.26)

822 (32.66)

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.001

Married

7634 (55.25)

1921 (59.00)

1947 (55.92)

1919 (54.17)

1847 (51.62)

Never married

2619 (18.22)

553 (14.23)

667 (18.80)

694 (19.12)

705 (21.01)

Living with partner

1204 (8.36)

226 (6.48)

262 (7.24)

326 (8.82)

390 (11.11)

Other

3322 (18.17)

990 (20.30)

816 (18.03)

761 (17.89)

755 (16.26)

Daily energy intake, kcal, Median (IQR)

2015.00 (1493.00, 2674.00)

1919.12 (1451.11, 2529.38)

1970.00 (1492.00, 2600.85)

2078.00 (1530.00, 2734.00)

2130.00 (1520.93, 2824.00)

< 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

Never

8189 (55.72)

2219 (60.12)

2159 (59.04)

2058 (55.69)

1753 (47.49)

Former

3610 (25.19)

998 (27.90)

912 (24.97)

914 (24.90)

786 (22.77)

Current

2980 (19.09)

473 (11.99)

621 (15.99)

728 (19.41)

1158 (29.74)

Alcohol status, n (%)

0.743

No

4329 (23.52)

1119 (23.52)

1104 (24.35)

1083 (23.18)

1023 (23.00)

Yes

10,450 (76.48)

2571 (76.48)

2588 (75.65)

2617 (76.82)

2674 (77.00)

Physical activity, n (%)

0.607

Inactive

5977 (35.27)

1508 (34.47)

1474 (36.32)

1464 (34.88)

1531 (35.46)

Active

8802 (64.73)

2182 (65.53)

2218 (63.68)

2236 (65.12)

2166 (64.54)

Hypertension, n (%)

0.179

No

8377 (61.98)

2024 (62.37)

2170 (63.63)

2089 (60.27)

2094 (61.65)

Yes

6402 (38.02)

1666 (37.63)

1522 (36.37)

1611 (39.73)

1603 (38.35)

DM, n (%)

< 0.001

No

11,482 (83.70)

3032 (88.44)

2954 (85.82)

2853 (82.24)

2643 (77.87)

Yes

3297 (16.30)

658 (11.56)

738 (14.18)

847 (17.76)

1054 (22.13)

CVD, n (%)

0.291

No

13,045 (90.67)

3231 (90.49)

3270 (91.19)

3301 (91.18)

3243 (89.79)

Yes

1734 (9.33)

459 (9.51)

422 (8.81)

399 (8.82)

454 (10.21)

IR, n (%)

< 0.001

No

7447 (53.96)

2628 (76.07)

2114 (60.19)

1620 (45.25)

1085 (32.58)

Yes

7332 (46.04)

1062 (23.93)

1578 (39.81)

2080 (54.75)

2612 (67.42)

MetS, n (%)

< 0.001

No

9332 (65.56)

2954 (83.19)

2643 (73.20)

2228 (60.55)

1507 (43.69)

Yes

5447 (34.44)

736 (16.81)

1049 (26.80)

1472 (39.45)

2190 (56.31)

BMI, kg/m2, Median (IQR)

27.90 (24.11, 32.57)

25.30 (22.50, 28.90)

27.40 (23.70, 31.90)

28.91 (25.46, 33.80)

30.22 (26.60, 35.10)

< 0.001

Waist circumference, cm, Median (IQR)

97.84 (87.50, 109.20)

91.20 (82.50, 101.50)

96.00 (85.57, 107.70)

101.00 (90.80, 112.00)

103.90 (94.50, 115.30)

< 0.001

ALT, U/L, Median (IQR)

21.00 (16.00, 28.00)

19.00 (15.00, 24.00)

20.00 (15.00, 26.00)

22.00 (17.00, 30.00)

24.00 (17.00, 34.00)

< 0.001

AST, U/L, Median (IQR)

22.00 (19.00, 27.00)

22.00 (19.00, 27.00)

22.00 (18.00, 26.00)

22.00 (19.00, 27.00)

23.00 (19.00, 28.00)

0.004

CR, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

0.84 (0.72, 0.98)

0.82 (0.70, 0.96)

0.83 (0.72, 0.97)

0.85 (0.72, 0.99)

0.86 (0.73, 1.00)

< 0.001

UA, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

5.40 (4.50, 6.40)

4.90 (4.10, 5.90)

5.30 (4.40, 6.20)

5.60 (4.70, 6.50)

5.90 (5.00, 6.80)

< 0.001

BUN, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

13.00 (10.00, 16.00)

13.00 (11.00, 17.00)

13.00 (10.00, 16.00)

13.00 (10.00, 16.00)

13.00 (10.00, 16.00)

0.001

TC, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

188.00 (164.00, 215.13)

195.00 (169.00, 222.00)

187.00 (163.00, 214.00)

186.00 (163.00, 213.00)

184.00 (158.00, 213.00)

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

51.00 (42.37, 63.00)

69.00 (59.00, 79.00)

55.00 (49.00, 63.00)

48.00 (42.00, 54.00)

40.00 (34.96, 45.00)

< 0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

111.00 (89.00, 135.00)

108.00 (86.00, 132.00)

111.00 (89.00, 134.00)

113.00 (92.00, 137.00)

111.00 (89.00, 136.00)

< 0.001

FPG, mg/dL, Median (IQR)

100.00 (93.00, 109.00)

98.00 (91.00, 105.00)

100.00 (93.00, 107.00)

101.00 (95.00, 111.00)

103.00 (96.00, 114.00)

< 0.001

Fasting insulin, uU/mL, Median (IQR)

9.48 (6.03, 15.47)

6.69 (4.59, 9.98)

8.61 (5.68, 13.92)

11.12 (7.13, 16.58)

13.97 (8.70, 22.08)

< 0.001

HOMAIR, Median (IQR)

2.41 (1.44, 4.17)

1.63 (1.08, 2.54)

2.15 (1.36, 3.60)

2.83 (1.75, 4.53)

3.65 (2.17, 6.40)

< 0.001

Lymphocyte number, 1000 cells/uL, Median (IQR)

1.90 (1.60, 2.30)

1.40 (1.20, 1.60)

1.80 (1.60, 2.00)

2.10 (1.80, 2.40)

2.60 (2.20, 3.03)

< 0.001

Monocyte number, 1000 cells/uL, Median (IQR)

0.50 (0.40, 0.60)

0.40 (0.40, 0.50)

0.50 (0.40, 0.60)

0.50 (0.40, 0.60)

0.60 (0.50, 0.70)

< 0.001

Neutrophils num, 1000 cells/uL, Median (IQR)

3.70 (2.90, 4.70)

3.20 (2.50, 4.10)

3.50 (2.80, 4.50)

3.90 (3.00, 4.90)

4.30 (3.40, 5.40)

< 0.001