Table 2 Study population characteristics; individuals aged 6–8 years at baseline and ≥ 18 years at follow-up (N = 692)
From: Tracking of serum lipids from prepuberty to young adulthood: results from the KiGGS cohort study
% or Mean (95%-CI) | Baseline (2003–2006) | Follow-up (2014–2017) |
|---|---|---|
|  | N = 692 persons | N = 692 persons |
Sex (% female) | 51.2 (46.3–56.1) | 51.2 (46.3–56.1) |
Age (years) | 8.0 (7.9–8.1) | 18.9 (18.8–19.0) |
Serum lipids | ||
 Non-HDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.79 (2.72–2.87) | 3.03 (2.93–3.13) |
 TC (mmol/l) | 4.33 (4.26–4.41) | 4.43 (4.33–4.53) |
 HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.54 (1.51–1.57) | 1.40 (1.37–1.43) |
Serum lipid categories (%) | ||
 Non-HDL-C | ||
acceptable | 72.0 (67.4–76.2) | 61.4 (56.5–66.1) |
borderline | 20.7 (17.1–24.8) | 22.8 (18.9–27.3) |
high | 7.2 (5.0–10.5) | 15.7 (12.3–19.9) |
TC | ||
 acceptable | 55.6 (50.9–60.2) | 53.7 (48.5–58.7) |
 borderline | 34.5 (30.2–39.0) | 26.1 (22.0–30.7) |
 high | 9.9 (7.2–13.4) | 20.2 (16.7–24.3) |
HDL-C (mmol/l) | ||
 acceptable | 87.7 (83.8–90.7) | 76.0 (71.1–80.3) |
 borderline | 8.0 (5.5–11.5) | 13.3 (10.4–16.8) |
 low | 4.3 (2.7–6.9) | 10.8 (7.8–14.8) |
TC > 270mg/dl/6.98mmol/l (familial hypercholesterolemia) | 0.4 (0.1–3.1) | 1.1 (0.3–3.7) |
Obesity and behavioral determinants | ||
BMI z-score | 0.06 (-0.05–0.17) | 0.05 (-0.08–0.19) |
Obesity (%) | 6.0 (4.0–8.9) | 6.9 (4.7–10.0) |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0 | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) |
HFD index score | 0.55 (0.54–0.57) | 0.36 (0.35–0.38) |
 Physical activity per week (%) |  | n. a |
 Low | 17.7 (13.7–22.6) |  |
 Middle | 36.2 (31.3–41.4) |  |
 High | 46.1 (41.1–51.1) |  |
Sports (h/week) | n. a | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) |
Smoking (%) | n. a | 30.8 (26.3–25.7) |
Alcohol use (%) | n. a | Â |
 No |  | 19.5 (15.1–24.9) |
 Moderate |  | 32.6 (27.8–37.8) |
 At risk |  | 47.9 (43.0–52.9) |
Medication use (%) | ||
 Oral contraceptives (among women, N = 343) | 0 | 26.6 (23.0–30.7) |
 Lipid lowering-medication use | 0 | 0.4 (0.1–3.0) |
 Systemic corticosteroids | 0 | 0.1 (0.0–0.8) |