Fig. 1

Changes in glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the HOMA of β-cell function in five groups of rats. CS: control group with standard diet; CF: control group with HFrD; FT: HFrD + HIIT; FD: HFrD + VDS; FTD: HFrD + HIIT + VDS. The values are the means ± standard deviations. Means with different superscripts differ significantly, P < 0.05. *: significant difference compared with CS. †: significant difference from CF. Y: significant difference from FD. Y: significant difference from FTD