Fig. 3

Summary of significant MR results of blood metabolites to glaucoma and AMD. A fixed-effect IVW model was employed if no significant heterogeneity was identified, and a random-effect IVW model otherwise. The effect of binary outcome was reported as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The IVW method underwent correction for multiple testing using the false discovery rate (FDR) method, and PFDR < 0.05 were considered significant