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Fig. 1 | Lipids in Health and Disease

Fig. 1

From: Associations of human blood metabolome with optic neurodegenerative diseases: a bi-directionally systematic mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

Overview of this MR study. This study consisted of five key parts. First, we conducted primary MR to evaluate the causal effects of 128 metabolites on glaucoma and AMD. Then, we conducted two-step MR (step-1 MR: 10 possible risk factors → glaucoma and AMD; step-2 MR: 128 metabolites → identified risk factors), bi‑directional MR (glaucoma/AMD → identified metabolites and risk factors), Mediation MR (metabolites → risk factors → glaucoma/AMD) and phe-MR (identified metabolites→ PheWAS. The brown box represents exposure in MR, and the blue box represents outcome in MR

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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X