Fig. 3

Impact of NHHR on speech-frequency PTA by subgroups. This forest plot illustrates the association between the NHHR and speech-frequency PTA across various factors, including gender, age, race, PIR, BMI, and diabetes. Each point represents the regression coefficient (β), with bars indicating 95% confidence intervals. The P-values for interaction are also provided to assess the statistical significance of differences between groups. The inclusion of covariates in the adjustments did not significantly alter the positive association observed (all interaction p-values > 0.05)