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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants stratified according to DKD

From: Association between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) and diabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes in the United States: a cross-sectional study

 

Total

(n = 4177)

Without DKD

(n = 2500)

With DKD

(n = 1677)

P value

Age (year)

60.0 (51.0 ,69.0)

57.0 (49.0 ,65.00)

66.0 (56.0 ,75.0)

< 0.0001

Gender (%)

   

0.8329

Male

51.34

51.22

51.56

 

Female

48.66

48.78

48.44

 

Race (%)

   

0.0007

Mexican American

10.15

10.80

9.03

 

Other Hispanic

6.21

7.12

4.63

 

Non-Hispanic White

61.18

59.66

63.81

 

Non-Hispanic Black

15.29

14.76

16.21

 

Other Race

7.18

7.67

6.32

 

Marital status(%)

   

< 0.0001

Married or Living with Partner

63.83

66.74

58.77

 

Widowed, divorced, separated or never married

36.11

33.17

41.21

 

Refused

0.07

0.09

0.02

 

Education level (%)

   

< 0.0001

Less than high school

24.57

22.38

24.70

 

High school or equivalent

24.98

23.90

24.33

 

College or above

50.42

53.68

50.88

 

Don’t konw

0.03

0.03

0.09

 

Family PIR (%)

   

< 0.0001

<= 1.0

16.04

14.38

18.93

 

1.0 to 3.0

45.45

42.76

50.11

 

> 3.0

38.51

42.87

30.95

 

BMI (kg/m2 ), (%)

   

0.2094

< 25

11.14

10.88

11.57

 

25 to 30

24.16

25.04

22.65

 

>=30

64.70

64.08

65.78

 

Smoking status (%)

   

0.0055

Yes

52.10

50.49

54.90

 

No

47.85

49.50

44.98

 

Refused or Don’t konw

0.05

0.01

0.12

 

Alcohol consumption (%)

   

< 0.0001

Yes

65.29

67.66

61.17

 

No

31.53

28.90

36.11

 

Missing or Don’t know

3.18

3.44

2.72

 

Hypertension (%)

   

< 0.0001

No

30.41

36.47

19.89

 

Yes

69.59

63.53

80.11

 

Hyperuricemia (%)

   

< 0.0001

No

73.02

79.39

61.98

 

Yes

26.98

20.61

38.02

 

Physical activity (%)

   

< 0.0001

Active

9.97

11.78

6.83

 

Inactive

90.03

88.22

93.17

 

Dietary cholesterol (mg)

252.50 (163.5 ,397.5)

259.50 (170.50 ,403.5)

235.50 (153.0 ,390.0)

0.0043

AST (U/L)

23.0 (20.0 ,30.0)

24.00 (20.0 ,29.0)

23.00 (20.0 ,30.0)

0.7776

ALT (U/L)

23.0 (18.0 ,31.0)

24.0 (19.0 ,32.0)

21.0 (17.0 ,29.0)

0.5557

NHHR

3.0 (2.1 ,4.0)

3.0 (2.2 ,4.1)

2.9 (2.1 ,4.0)

0.9919

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

84.8 (65.2 ,100.3)

91.7 (78.0 ,103.0)

59.0 (47.8 ,89.0)

< 0.0001

ln(UACR) (mg/g)

2.4 (1.9 ,3.5)

2.1 (1.7 ,2.6)

3.9 (2.9 ,5.1)

< 0.0001

  1. Continuous variables were presented as median (first quartile, third quartile), followed by P-values. Categorical variables were presented as percentage (%), followed by P-values. DKD, diabetic kidney disease; PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; NHHR, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; ln(UACR), natural logarithm of UACR; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
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Lipids in Health and Disease

ISSN: 1476-511X